Keywords
KEYWORD
|
DESCRIPTION
|
EXAMPLE
|
and
|
Logical and.
|
True and False == False
|
as
|
Part of the with-as statement.
|
with X as Y: pass
|
assert
|
Assert (ensure) that something is true.
|
assert False, "Error!"
|
break
|
Stop this loop right now.
|
while True: break
|
class
|
Define a class.
|
class Person(object)
|
continue
|
Don't process more of the loop, do it again.
|
while True: continue
|
def
|
Define a function.
|
def X(): pass
|
del
|
Delete from dictionary.
|
del X[Y]
|
elif
|
Else if condition.
|
if: X; elif: Y; else: J
|
else
|
Else condition.
|
if: X; elif: Y; else: J
|
except
|
If an exception happens, do this.
|
except ValueError, e: print e
|
exec
|
Run a string as Python.
|
exec 'print "hello"'
|
finally
|
Exceptions or not, finally do this no matter what.
|
finally: pass
|
for
|
Loop over a collection of things.
|
for X in Y: pass
|
from
|
Importing specific parts of a module.
|
import X from Y
|
global
|
Declare that you want a global variable.
|
global X
|
if
|
If condition.
|
if: X; elif: Y; else: J
|
import
|
Import a module into this one to use.
|
import os
|
in
|
Part of for-loops. Also a test of X in Y.
|
for X in Y: pass also 1 in [1] == True
|
is
|
Like == to test equality.
|
1 is 1 == True
|
lambda
|
Create a short anonymous function.
|
s = lambda y: y ** y; s(3)
|
not
|
Logical not.
|
not True == False
|
or
|
Logical or.
|
True or False == True
|
pass
|
This block is empty.
|
def empty(): pass
|
print
|
Print this string.
|
print 'this string'
|
raise
|
Raise an exception when things go wrong.
|
raise ValueError("No")
|
return
|
Exit the function with a return value.
|
def X(): return Y
|
try
|
Try this block, and if exception, go to except.
|
try: pass
|
while
|
While loop.
|
while X: pass
|
with
|
With an expression as a variable do.
|
with X as Y: pass
|
yield
|
Pause here and return to caller.
|
def X(): yield Y; X().next()
|
Data Types
For data types, write out what makes up each one. For example, with strings write out how you create a string. For numbers write out a few numbers.
TYPE
|
DESCRIPTION
|
EXAMPLE
|
True
|
True boolean value.
|
True or False == True
|
False
|
False boolean value.
|
False and True == False
|
None
|
Represents "nothing" or "no value".
|
x = None
|
strings
|
Stores textual information.
|
x = "hello"
|
numbers
|
Stores integers.
|
i = 100
|
floats
|
Stores decimals.
|
i = 10.389
|
lists
|
Stores a list of things.
|
j = [1,2,3,4]
|
dicts
|
Stores a key=value mapping of things.
|
e = {'x': 1, 'y': 2}
|
String Escape Sequences
For string escape sequences, use them in strings to make sure they do what you think they do.
ESCAPE
|
DESCRIPTION
|
\\
|
Backslash
|
\'
|
Single-quote
|
\"
|
Double-quote
|
\a
|
Bell
|
\b
|
Backspace
|
\f
|
Formfeed
|
\n
|
Newline
|
\r
|
Carriage
|
\t
|
Tab
|
\v
|
Vertical tab
|
String Formats
Same thing for string formats: use them in some strings to know what they do.
ESCAPE
|
DESCRIPTION
|
EXAMPLE
|
%d
|
Decimal integers (not floating point).
|
"%d" % 45 == '45'
|
%i
|
Same as %d.
|
"%i" % 45 == '45'
|
%o
|
Octal number.
|
"%o" % 1000 == '1750'
|
%u
|
Unsigned decimal.
|
"%u" % -1000 == '-1000'
|
%x
|
Hexadecimal lowercase.
|
"%x" % 1000 == '3e8'
|
%X
|
Hexadecimal uppercase.
|
"%X" % 1000 == '3E8'
|
%e
|
Exponential notation, lowercase 'e'.
|
"%e" % 1000 == '1.000000e+03'
|
%E
|
Exponential notation, uppercase 'E'.
|
"%E" % 1000 == '1.000000E+03'
|
%f
|
Floating point real number.
|
"%f" % 10.34 == '10.340000'
|
%F
|
Same as %f.
|
"%F" % 10.34 == '10.340000'
|
%g
|
Either %f or %e, whichever is shorter.
|
"%g" % 10.34 == '10.34'
|
%G
|
Same as %g but uppercase.
|
"%G" % 10.34 == '10.34'
|
%c
|
Character format.
|
"%c" % 34 == '"'
|
%r
|
Repr format (debugging format).
|
"%r" % int == "<type 'int'>"
|
%s
|
String format.
|
"%s there" % 'hi' == 'hi there'
|
%%
|
A percent sign.
|
"%g%%" % 10.34 == '10.34%'
|
Operators
Some of these may be unfamiliar to you, but look them up anyway. Find out what they do, and if you still can't figure it out, save it for later.
OPERATOR
|
DESCRIPTION
|
EXAMPLE
|
+
|
Addition
|
2 + 4 == 6
|
-
|
Subtraction
|
2 - 4 == -2
|
*
|
Multiplication
|
2 * 4 == 8
|
**
|
Power of
|
2 ** 4 == 16
|
/
|
Division
|
2 / 4.0 == 0.5
|
//
|
Floor division
|
2 / 4.0 == 0.0
|
%
|
String interpolate or modulus
|
2 % 4 == 2
|
<
|
Less than
|
4 < 4 == False
|
>
|
Greater than
|
4 > 4 == False
|
<=
|
Less than equal
|
4 <= 4 == True
|
>=
|
Greater than equal
|
4 >= 4 == True
|
==
|
Equal
|
4 == 5 == False
|
!=
|
Not equal
|
4 != 5 == True
|
<>
|
Not equal
|
4 <> 5 == True
|
( )
|
Parenthesis
|
len('hi') == 2
|
[ ]
|
List brackets
|
[1,3,4]
|
{ }
|
Dict curly braces
|
{'x': 5, 'y': 10}
|
@
|
At (decorators)
|
@classmethod
|
,
|
Comma
|
range(0, 10)
|
:
|
Colon
|
def X():
|
.
|
Dot
|
self.x = 10
|
=
|
Assign equal
|
x = 10
|
;
|
semi-colon
|
print "hi"; print "there"
|
+=
|
Add and assign
|
x = 1; x += 2
|
-=
|
Subtract and assign
|
x = 1; x -= 2
|
*=
|
Multiply and assign
|
x = 1; x *= 2
|
/=
|
Divide and assign
|
x = 1; x /= 2
|
//=
|
Floor divide and assign
|
x = 1; x //= 2
|
%=
|
Modulus assign
|
x = 1; x %= 2
|
**=
|
Power assign
|
x = 1; x **= 2
|
没有评论:
发表评论